decadentismo in filosofia

It also helped that the book named such figures as Oscar Wilde, Algernon Charles Swinburne, Paul Verlaine, and Maurice Barrès, members of the Decadent movement who were in the public eye. Stanford Libraries' official online search tool for books, media, journals, databases, government documents and more. [14][19] Even after this, there was sufficient common ground of interest, method, and language to blur the lines more than the manifesto might have suggested. Russian writers were especially drawn to the morbid aspects of decadence and in the fascination with death. [35] Oscar Wilde published an entire work exploring socialism as a liberating force: "Socialism would relieve us from that sordid necessity of living for others which, in the present condition of things, presses so hardly upon almost everybody. Their works were a cry of denouncement against injustice and oppression. [17] Later, however, he described the Decadent movement as an "interlude, half a mock interlude" that distracted critics from seeing and appreciating the larger and more important trend, which was the development of Symbolism. The study included decadent writing (such as Baudelaire and Swinburne), but also anything else that he considered dark, grim, or sexual in some way. They contributed to rejuvenate Italian culture through foreign influences and introduced decadent themes like illness and fascination with death. I have been told by many of our young singers that my success of Nineveh [1907] encouraged them to break the harassing chains of Puritan tradition [Introduction p.xv], Poet Francis Saltus Saltus was inspired by Charles Baudelaire, and his unpracticed style occasionally was compared to the French poet's more refined experimentation. Typically, the influence was felt as an interest in pleasure, an interest in experimental sexuality, and a fascination with the bizarre, all packaged with a somewhat trangressive spirit and an aesthetic that values material excess. 2 réponses. [6] Baudelaire referred to himself as decadent in his 1857 edition of Les Fleurs du mal and exalted the Roman decline as a model for modern poets to express their passion. Il movimento del Decadentismo ebbe come sappiamo - - la sua concreta origine in Francia con i simbolisti, ma fu un fenomeno di carattere europeo che interessò ben presto anche l'Inghilterra, la Germania e l'Italia. [21] Maurice Barrès referred to this group as decadents, but he also referred to one of them (Stéphane Mallarmé) as a symbolist. [14] Others kept a foot in each camp. The Scapigliati (literally meaning "unkempt" or "dishevelled") were a group of writers and poets who shared a sentiment of intolerance for the suffocating intellectual atmosphere between the late Risorgimento (1860s) and the early years of unified Italy (1870s). [5], The first major development in French decadence appeared when writers Théophile Gautier and Charles Baudelaire used the word proudly to represent a rejection of what they considered banal "progress". [14], Decadence continued on in France, but it was limited largely to Anatole Baju and his followers, who refined their focus even further on perverse sexuality, material extravagance, and up-ending social expectations. It first flourished in France and then spread throughout Europe and to the United States. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The visual artist Félicien Rops's body of work and Joris-Karl Huysmans's novel Against Nature (1884) are considered the prime examples of the decadent movement. La poetica del Decadentismo italiano BINNI, Walter (Perugia 1913-1997) ... Verlag: Firenze, Sansoni, Studi di lettere, storia e filosofia, 1936. La poetica del Decadentismo italiano BINNI, Walter (Perugia 1913-1997) Published by Firenze, Sansoni, Studi di lettere, storia e filosofia, 1936. He referred to all such literature as "a new and beautiful and interesting disease". . He defined this group as those who had been influenced heavily by Baudelaire, though they were also influenced by Gothic novels and the poetry and fiction of Edgar Allan Poe. [7], While the Decadent movement, per se, was mostly a French phenomenon, the impact was felt more broadly. He writes: “So filled with disgust for the man whose soul is callous, sprawled in comforts where his hungering is fed.” In this continuing search for the spiritual, therefore, Symbolism has been predisposed to concern itself with purity and beauty and such mysterious imagery as those of fairies. Its reputation was somewhat restored by Walter Binni after World War II, only to fall again under the attack of the Marxist critic Carlo Salinari in the 1960s. Click here to re-enable them. Decadentism or the Decadent movement was a late 19th century artistic, literary and philosophical movement originated in Western Europe; poets and writers of the time conceived literature and art as the only true power and followed an aesthetic ideology. Create your lesson! https://www.britannica.com/art/Decadentism, Brirtish Library - Aestheticism and decadence. Other Scapigliati were the novelists Carlo Dossi and Giuseppe Rovani, the poet Emilio Praga, the poet and composer Arrigo Boito and the composer Franco Faccio. Emilia Pardo Bazán with works like Los Pazos de Ulloa where terror and decadent topics appear. [16], Symbolism has often been confused with the Decadent movement. ", "All bad art comes from returning to Life and Nature, and elevating them into ideals. Rival writer Jean Moréas published his Symbolist Manifesto, largely to escape association with the Decadent movement, despite their shared heritage. Symbolism uses extensive natural imagery as a means to elevate the viewer to a plane higher than the banal reality of nature itself, as when Stéphane Mallarmé mixes descriptions of flowers and heavenly imagery to create a transcendent moment in "Flowers. [45], In 1930 Italian art and literature critic Mario Praz completed a broad study of morbid and erotic literature, translated and published in English as The Romantic Agony (1933). [10][11] At times, his only goal was the portrayal of a woman he'd observed debasing herself in the pursuit of her own pleasure. One Czech writer, Arthur Breisky, embraced the full spirit of Le Décadent with its exultation in material excess and a life of refinement and pleasure. [9], The concept of decadence lingered after that, but it wasn't until 1884 that Maurice Barrès referred to a particular group of writers as Decadents. [17], In his 1884 decadent novel À rebours (English: Against Nature or Against the Grain), Joris-Karl Huysmans identified likely candidates for the core of the Decadent movement, which he seemed to view Baudelaire as sitting above: Paul Verlaine, Tristan Corbière, Theodore Hannon and Stéphane Mallarmé. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. decadentismo - Traduccion ingles de diccionario ingles. Rops delighted in breaking artistic convention and shocking the public with gruesome, fantastical horror. "[30], In France, the Decadent movement could not withstand the loss of its leading figures. [28], Decadence, on the other hand, sees no path to higher truth in words and images. [34], Though influenced through general exposure but also direct contact, the leading decadent figures in Britain associated with decadence were Irish writer Oscar Wilde, poet Algernon Charles Swinburne, and illustrator Aubrey Beardsley, as well as other artists and writers associated with The Yellow Book. They were poor and hungry for something better. Decadent, any of several poets or other writers of the end of the 19th century, including...…, Benedetto Croce, historian, humanist, and foremost Italian philosopher of the first half...…, Italy, country of south-central Europe, occupying a peninsula that juts deep into the Mediterranean Sea....…. D'Annunzio, who was in contact with many French intellectuals and had read the works of Nietzsche in the French translation, imported the concepts of Übermensch and will to power into Italy, although in his own particular version. In a similar way, Camillo Boito's Senso and his short stories venture into tales of sexual decadence and disturbing obsessions, such as incest and necrophilia. Il y a 9 années. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [35] While most of the influence was from figures such as Baudelaire and Verlaine, there was also very strong influence at times from more purely decadent members of the French movement, such as the influence that Huysmans and Rachilde had on Wilde, as seen explicitly in The Picture of Dorian Gray. Principal Translations: Spanish: English: decadentismo nm nombre masculino: Sustantivo de género exclusivamente masculino, que lleva los artículos el o un en singular, y los o unos en plural. Prezi’s Big Ideas 2021: Expert advice for the new year [1] The movement was characterized by self-disgust, sickness at the world, general skepticism, delight in perversion, and employment of crude humor and a belief in the superiority of human creativity over logic and the natural world. They were neither aristocrats nor bored bourgeoisie. Wilde had a secret homosexual life. Files Size Format View; There are no files associated with this item. Decadentismo e Filosofia Fonte: Baldi, Giusso, Razetti, Zaccaria, La letteratura, vol. Decadentismo, decadência do ser humano? It has been suggested that a dream vision that Des Esseintes describes is based on the series of satanic encounters painted by Félicien Rops.[18]. crisi della coscienza di fronte al non senso della vita/frammentazione dell'io. [42] Writer James Huneker was exposed to the Decadent movement in France and tried to bring it with him to New York. Decadentismo e Novecento: Il decadentismo si colloca tra la fine dell 800 e i primi anni del 900. He had some interaction with Oscar Wilde, and he valued decadence in his personal life. Decadentismo sociale e culturale. [3] In The Temptation of Saint Anthony, decadent Gustave Flaubert describes Saint Anthony's pleasure from watching disturbing scenes of horror. [7] In his lengthy introduction to Baudelaire in the front of the 1868 Les Fleurs du mal, Gautier at first rejects the application of the term decadent, as meant by the critic, but then works his way to an admission of decadence on Baudelaire's own terms: a preference for what is beautiful and what is exotic, an ease with surrendering to fantasy, and a maturity of skill with manipulating language. The movement was characterised by feelings of disgust and sickness towards the society of the time, artists used a crude humor to express their … What made the book a success was its suggestion of a medical diagnosis of "degeneration," a neuro-pathology that resulted in these behaviors. Save for Later. . Decadence, on the other hand, is an accumulation of signs or descriptions acting as detailed catalogs of human material riches as well as artifice. The first Russian writers to achieve success as followers of this Decadent movement included Konstanin Balmont, Fyodor Sologub, Valery Bryusov, and Zinaida Gippius. Paul Verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé were among those, though both had been associated with Baju's Le Décadent for a time. Il y a 9 années. In fact, Stephen Romer has referred to Félicien Rops, Gustave Moreau, and Fernand Khnopff as "Symbolist-Decadent painters and engravers. [46], Dictionary of Critical Theory - Oxford Reference, pp.113-114, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The Differences between Symbolism and Decadence", "Naked Masks: Arthur Breisky or How to Be a Czech Decadent", "Always Leave Them Wanting More: Oscar Wilde's Salmoe and the Failed Circulations of Desire", "Rebellious French cross-dresser played an overlooked role in shaping Oscar Wilde's legacy, Stanford scholar says", https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-the-spanish-novel/decadence-and-innovation-in-fin-de-siglo-spain/DBB78766FF30C8855E20D9F9A59286B2, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decadent_movement&oldid=1002554970, Articles that may contain original research from January 2021, All articles that may contain original research, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, "Art never expresses anything but itself. The earliest Russian adherents lacked idealism and focused on such decadent themes as subversion of morality, disregard for personal health, and living in blasphemy and sensual pleasure. La poetica del decadentismo italiano (Studi di lettere, storia e filosofia) [Binni, Walter] on Amazon.com. [4] When Latin scholar Désiré Nisard turned toward French literature, he compared Victor Hugo and Romanticism in general to the Roman decadence, men sacrificing their craft and their cultural values for the sake of pleasure. [31] Others, once strong voices for decadence, abandoned the movement altogether. ", "Life imitates Art far more than Art imitates Life", This page was last edited on 25 January 2021, at 00:30. [13] For both of them, mortality and all manner of corruptions were always on their mind. "[26], Decadence, in contrast, actually belittles nature in the name of artistry. None of these artists would have identified themselves as part of this movement. [14], In the world of visual arts, it can be even more difficult to distinguish decadence from symbolism. crisi della filosofia positivista. Zustand: Molto buono (Very Good) Softcover. Verkäufer Studio Bibliografico Marini (ROMA, RM, Italien) AbeBooks Verkäufer seit 27. Recurrent themes in his literary works include the supremacy of the individual, the cult of beauty, exaggerated sophistication, the glorification of machines, the fusion of man with nature, the exalted vitality coexisting with the triumph of death. As for the visual arts, Medardo Rosso stands out as one of the most influential European sculptors of that time. This group of writers did not only look to escape the boredom of the banal, but they sought to shock, scandalize, and subvert the expectations and values of society, believing that such freedom and creative experimentation would improve humanity. How to create a webinar that resonates with remote audiences; Dec. 30, 2020. Words and artifice are the vehicles for human creativity, and Huysmans suggests that the illusions of fantasy have their own reality: "The secret lies in knowing how to proceed, how to concentrate deeply enough to produce the hallucination and succeed in substituting the dream reality for the reality itself."[3]. 1456 räägivad sellest. Decadentism, Italian Decadentismo, Italian artistic movement that derived its name but not all its characteristics from the French and English Decadents, who flourished in the last 10 years of the 19th century. [42] An exception to this is the decadent poet George Sylvester Viereck- who wrote (1907) "Nineveh and Other Poems". Filosofia is Zuzana Licko’s interpretation of a Bodoni font. It was that melancholy that drove their art. These atmospheres were explored by the painters Mario Sironi, Giorgio de Chirico and Giorgio Morandi. Albert Aurier wrote decadent pieces for Le Décadent and also wrote symbolist poetry and art criticism. Arte e cultura, Ufficio V. Diffusione nota ministeriale prot. Instead, books, poetry, and art itself as the creators of valid new worlds, thus the allegory of decadent Wilde's Dorian Gray being poisoned by a book like a drug. Symbolism treats language and imagery as devices that can only approximate meaning and merely evoke complex emotions and call the mind toward ideas it might not be able to comprehend. In contrast, Decadence states there is no oblique approach to ultimate truth because there is no secret, mystical truth. Aquele que tem um porquê para viver pode suportar quase qualquer como The concept of decadence dates from the 18th century, especially from the writings of Montesquieu, the Enlightenment philosopher who suggested that the decline (décadence) of the Roman Empire was in large part due to its moral decay and loss of cultural standards. The writers of the movement—Antonio Fogazzaro, Giovanni Pascoli, Gabriele D’Annunzio, and Italo Svevo—differed greatly from each other in style and philosophical approach, but they all sought a highly subjective picture of society and the world. [7][14], In France, the Decadent movement is often said to have begun with either Joris-Karl Huysmans' Against Nature (1884) or Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du mal. For this reason, the term Decadentism, modelled on "Romanticism" or "Expressionism", became more substantial and widespread than elsewhere. Filosofia e scienza nell’età del Decadentismo: la “scientificità” dell'interiorità. If there is truth of value, it is purely in the sensual experience of the moment. His study centered on the 18th and 19th Centuries. [43] The younger brother of Francis, writer Edgar Saltus had more success. [25], Both groups reject the primacy of nature, but what that means for them is very different. Moréas and Gustave Kahn, among others, formed rival publications to reinforce the distinction. At the time, mostly before Baju's Le Décadent, this frivolous poetry on themes of alcohol and depravity found little success and no known support from those who were part of the Decadent movement. Both groups are disillusioned with the meaning and truth offered by the natural world, rational thought, and ordinary society. Schopenhauer, filosofo tedesco (Danzica 1788 – Francoforte sul Meno, 1860) L'influenza di Schopenhauer D e c a d e n t i s m o Il mondo come volontà e … The dreams of the decadents gave them that something better, but something that was hopelessly unattainable. Dmitry Merezhkovsky is thought to be the first to clearly promote a Russian decadence that included the idealism that eventually inspired the French symbolists to disassociate from the more purely materialistic Decadent movement. His language was colorful and vitriolic, often invoking the worship of Satan. For a time, his work exemplified both the ideals and style of the movement, but a significant portion of his career was in traditional journalism and fiction that praised virtue. Comunicazione: Filename: m_pi-aoodrlo-registro-ufficialeu-0032141-28-12-2020-1.pdf (238 KB) The trends that he identified, such as an interest in description, a lack of adherence to the conventional rules of literature and art, and a love for extravagant language were the seeds of the Decadent movement. He defined this common, decadent thread as "an intense self-consciousness, a restless curiosity in research, an over-subtilizing refinement upon refinement, a spiritual and moral perversity". Olimpiadi di Filosofia . il decadentismo è un movimento letterario nato negli anni della seconda rivoluzione industriale. 1. [32][36] British decadents embraced the idea of creating art for its own sake, pursuing all possible desires, and seeking material excess. inoltre desiderano un ritorno all'infanzia che considerano l'età più bella. [7] A few writers continued the decadent tradition, such as Octave Mirbeau, but Decadence was no longer a recognized movement, let alone a force in literature or art. Symbolism turns its eyes toward Greater Purpose or on the Ideal, using dreams and symbols to approach these esoteric primal truths. La poetica del decadentismo italiano (Studi di lettere, storia e filosofia) Il Decadentismo Il Decadentismo In Francia Dove In polemica con il Naturalismo Nella seconda metà dell'Ottocento e nei primi anni del Novecento Quando I caratteri Esasperazione dell'invividualismo Mancanza di fiducia nella ragione Isolamento dalla società Evasione dalla realtà I "[37] Swinburne explicitly addressed Irish-English politics in poetry when he wrote "Thieves and murderers, hands yet red with blood and tongues yet black with lies | Clap and clamour--'Parnell spurs his Gladstone well! The first period is marked by the experience of Scapigliatura, a sort of proto-decadent movement. [27], Moréas asserted in his manifesto on symbolism that words and images serve to dress the incomprehensible in such a way that it can be approached, if not understood. It shows her personal preference for a geometric Bodoni, while incorporating such features as slightly bulging round serif endings which often appeared in the printed samples of Bodoni’s work and reflect Bodoni’s origins in letterpress technology. El decadentismo en la elaboración de la identidad en la cultura gótica. Resource Information. 5, Paravia pp.330-331. '"[38] In many of their personal lives, they also pursued decadent ideals. But the Decadent movement is overlapped by the Fin de Siglo Movement with the authors of the Generación del 98 being part-decadent: Ramón María del Valle-Inclán, Unamuno and Pío Baroja are the most essential figures of this period. According to Moréas, it is an attempt to connect the object and phenomena of the world to "esoteric primordial truths" that cannot ever be directly approached.[25][28]. [44] At the time when he was flourishing, however, multiple contemporary critics, as well as other decadent writers, explicitly considered him one of them. "[23], Nevertheless, there are clear ideological differences between those who continued on as symbolists and those who have been called "dissidents" for remaining in the Decadent movement. n. 23598 del 21.12.2020 relativa alla Ventottesima edizione delle Olimpiadi di Filosofia a.s. 2020/21. N/A. (fix it) Keywords No keywords specified (fix it) Categories No categories specified (categorize this paper) 5.9K likes. I più significativi rappresentanti del Decadentismo inglese furono . Aposta 38:2 (2008) Abstract This article has no associated abstract. [24] Often, there was little doubt that Baju and his group were producing work that was decadent, but there is frequently more question about the work of the symbolists. On the other side, the Crepuscular poets (literally "twilight poets") turned Pascoli's innovations into a mood-conveying poetry, which describes the melancholy of everyday life in shady and monotonous interiors of provincial towns. The danger of such literature, he believed it unnaturally elevated the instinctive bond between pain and pleasure and that, no matter the artists' intention, the essential role of art is to educate and teach culture. Luis Fernando Bolaños Gordillo. El decadentisme és un moviment artístic que es va manifestar en la literatura europea de finals del segle xix, amb naixement a França, amb força seguidors a Bèlgica i el Regne Unit, i la influència del qual va arribar als Estats Units.El seu nom ve per l'atracció que sentien els seus partidaris per tot allò morbós, decadent i malalt, reflex de la societat canviant de l'època. [32] Swinburne had an obsession with flagellation.[35]. Updates? However, most critics today prefer to distinguish between three periods. Rate this tile. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. These Bohemian decadent writers included Karel Hlaváček, ArnoÅ¡t Procházka, Jiří Karásek ze Lvovic, and Louisa Zikova. Entra bajo tu propia responsabilidad. Guarda le traduzioni di ‘decadentismo’ in greco. He explicitly was interested in the Satanic, and he frequently sought to portray the double-threat of Satan and Woman. Répondre Enregistrer. Most of the Scapigliati died of illness, alcoholism or suicide. Beardsley had an explicit interest in the improvement of the social order and the role of art-as-experience in inspiring that transformation. The critic Benedetto Croce attacked the movement early in the 20th century. As they refined their craft beyond imitation of Baudelaire and Verlaine, most of these authors became much more clearly aligned with symbolism than with decadence. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. It was an examination of decadence as a trend, and specifically attacked several people associated with the Decadent movement, as well as other figures throughout the world who deviated from cultural, moral, or political norms. Viereck states in his "The Candle and the Flame" (1912), I have no reason to be ungrateful to America. Those who were connected struggled to find an audience, for Americans were reluctant to see value for them in what they considered the art forms of fin de siècle France. CUIDADO Este canal es para APRENDER FILOSOFÍA de modo FÁCIL, DIVERTIDO y RIGUROSO. In Mallarme's poem “Apparition”, for instance, the word “dreaming” appears twice, followed by “Dream” itself with a capital D. In “The Windows,” he speaks of this decadent disgust of contentment with comfort and an endless desire for the exotic. He embraced the most debauched lifestyle of the French decadents and celebrated that life in his own poetry. Nevertheless, the choice of these three established a decadent perspective on art which favored madness and irrationality, graphic violence, frank pessimism about cultural institutions, and a disregard for visual logic of the natural world. imperialismo e colonialismo. Para mim o decadentismo sempre falou da decadência do ser humano. Introduzione al Decadentismo 20 Description: N/A. "[3], Not only did Against Nature define an ideology and a literature, but it also created an influential perspective on visual art. I like it! il decadentismoi caratteri del decadentismo e la sua influenza sulla letteratura del primo novecentoi temi e le strutture narrative del romanzodella crisia cur… Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Évaluation. They also shared the same emphasis on shocking society, purely for the scandal. Later Czech decadent Arthur Breisky has been quoted by scholars as speaking to both the importance of illusion and of beauty: "But isn’t it necessary to believe a beautiful mask more than reality? Decadentism, Italian Decadentismo, Italian artistic movement that derived its name but not all its characteristics from the French and English Decadents, who flourished in the last 10 years of the 19th century. Joris-Karl Huysmans grew to consider Against Nature as the starting point on his journey into Roman Catholic symbolist work and the acceptance of hope. They worked together and met together for quite a while, as if they were part of the same movement. Espansione Positivismo Crisi del positivismo, irrazionalismo 1848 Idealismo Romanticismo (Romanticismo) Naturalismo (Impressionismo) Simbolismo Decadentismo (Simbolismo Espressionismo) Cronologia Realismo (Realismo) Restaurazione Lotte patriottiche e liberali, Unificazione italiana e tedesca Imperialismo Materialismo Economia e società Filosofia Politica Letteratura (Arte) Sviluppo … Il corso di studi in Filosofia e Scienze filosofiche dell'Universita' degli Studi Roma Tre si presenta. O decadentismo é unha corrente artística, filosófica e, sobre todo, literaria que tivo a súa orixe en Francia nas dúas últimas décadas do século XIX e que se desenvolveu por case toda Europa e algúns países de América.A denominación decadentismo xurdiu como un termo despectivo e irónico empregado pola crítica; non obstante, a definición foi adoptada por aqueles a quen ía destinada. Many of these authors did also publish symbolist works, however, and it unclear how strongly they would have identified with Baju as decadents. The Decadent movement reached into Russia primarily through exposure to the writings of Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine. [2] Decadent writer Rachilde was staunchly opposed to a symbolist take over of Le Décadent[14] even though her own one-act drama The Crystal Spider is almost certainly a symbolist work. Many of those associated with the Decadent movement became symbolists after initially associating freely with decadents. Like what you saw? He has been lauded to his dedication to this cause throughout his career, but it has been suggested that, while he lived as a decadent and heralded their work, his own work was more frustrated, hopeless, and empty of the pleasure that had attracted him to the movement in the first place. He left decadence for anarchy. Symbolism is an accumulation of “symbols” that are there not to present their content but to evoke greater ideas that their symbolism cannot expressly utter. 57 talking about this. [20] This movement essentially gave way to Symbolism when Le Décadent closed down in 1889 and Anatole Baju turned toward politics and became associated with anarchy. In Huysmans’ Against Nature, for instance, the main character Des Esseintes says of nature: “There is not one of her inventions, no matter how subtle or imposing it may be, which human genius cannot create . ... libertà,importanza della famiglia del lavoro pace tra popoli. However, Ramón Casas and José María López Mezquita can be considered the model artists of this period. The character of Des Esseintes explicitly heralded the work of Gustave Moreau, Jan Luyken and Odilon Redon. Capitalizing on the momentum of Huysmans' work, Anatole Baju founded the magazine Le Décadent in 1886, an effort to define and organize the Decadent movement in a formal way. The heroes of Decadent novels, for instance, have the unquenchable accumulation of luxuries and pleasure, often exotic, as their goal, even the gory and the shocking. [14], In a website associated with Dr. Petra Dierkes-Thrun's Stanford University course, Oscar Wilde and the French Decadents (2014), a student named Reed created a blog post that is the basis for much of what follows.

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